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Latin

lah-TEE-noom
Also Known As lingua Latina

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Latin is the language of ancient Rome and, through the Roman Empire's expansion, the ancestor of the Romance languages, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and others. Classical Latin, the literary standard of authors such as Cicero and Virgil, coexisted with a more variable spoken Vulgar Latin whose regional divergence, over the centuries following the Western Empire's collapse, gradually produced the distinct Romance languages. Latin itself never disappeared: it continued as the working language of scholarship, law and the Catholic Church throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era, and remains in liturgical and academic use today, so its transition from a spoken vernacular to a written and ceremonial language happened gradually rather than at any single date.

Facts
ISO 639-3 Code
lat 1
Speaker Count
2
No remaining native speakers; Latin survives today as a classical and liturgical language.
Status
Liturgical / Learned Use Only 1
Attested From (Year)
from 75 BCE 3
Marks the conventional beginning of the Classical Latin period per the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language's periodization; Latin as a language is considerably older, with inscriptions surviving from the sixth century BCE.
Attested To (Year)
to 750 2
Circa, 8th century CE: source dates the vernacular's evolution into the Romance languages to between the 6th and 9th centuries CE.
Region
Latium (the lower Tiber area around Rome, Italy) 2
Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

English, Languages

This source names Latin directly: "everyday vocabulary is of French or Latin origin."

Source The Cambridge Encyclopedia of LanguageDavid Crystal (editor)
Greek Script, Scripts

This source names Latin directly: "and from the Etruscans to the Latin alphabet, and passed north into the medieval Balkans and Eastern Europe through the Byzantine Greek uncial script adapted by ninth-century missionaries..."

Source The Cambridge Encyclopedia of LanguageDavid Crystal (editor)
Hangul, Scripts

This source names Latin directly: "than strung letter by letter as in the Latin alphabet."

Polish, Languages

This source names Latin directly: "language of Poland, written in the Latin alphabet with a set of diacritics that mark sounds the plain Latin letters do not cover."

Source The Cambridge Encyclopedia of LanguageDavid Crystal (editor)

This source names Latin directly: "The split between Cyrillic-writing and Latin-writing Slavic languages runs along confessional lines rather than branch lines: Orthodox-majority Slavic languages generally adopted Cyrillic and..."

Source The Cambridge Encyclopedia of LanguageDavid Crystal (editor)
Spanish, Languages

This source names Spanish directly: "the ancestor of the Romance languages, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and others."

Source The Cambridge Encyclopedia of LanguageDavid Crystal (editor)
Spanish, Languages

This source names Latin directly: "Romance language descended from Vulgar Latin as spoken on the Iberian peninsula, spread worldwide from the sixteenth century onward by Spanish colonization and today the official language of twenty..."

Source The Cambridge Encyclopedia of LanguageDavid Crystal (editor)

This source names Latin directly: "that Sanskrit bears to Greek and Latin a resemblance too strong to be accidental, in both grammatical structure and root vocabulary, and proposed that all three, along with Gothic, Celtic and Old..."

This source names Latin directly: "His study of Sanskrit alongside his existing knowledge of Greek and Latin led him to argue, in a 1786 address to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, that the three languages shared a common ancestor no..."

In Family

Written In

Sources
1. Ethnologue: Languages of the World
SIL International, 2024View the Source
2. Wikipedia: Latin
Wikipedialead section
Quote, lead section
Ecclesiastical Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church.
View the Source
2. Wikipedia: Latin
Wikipedia
Quote
[ɫaˈtiːnũː]
View the Source
3. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
David Crystal (editor), Cambridge University Press, 2010
Glottolog
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyIn Family: Indo-EuropeanView the Source
Omniglot: The Online Encyclopedia of Writing Systems and Languages
Written In: Latin ScriptView the Source
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